Server
April 24, 2025

Cobbler Deployment Practice

部署 Cobbler 2.8.5

Cobbler 简介

Cobbler 作用

Cobbler是Linux安装服务器可以快速设置网络安装环境、具备web管理界面

ISO文件归档下载

部署前准备

文章以CentOS7.9部署V2.8.5版本为例进行示范

cobbler2.8.5已经验证能够部署的系统

YUM源准备（必须有epel和Base源）

bash <(curl -sSL https://linuxmirrors.cn/main.sh)

关闭防火墙和SELinux

systemctl disable firewalld.service
systemctl stop firewalld.service
sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config

#关闭了selinux需要重启服务器生效
reboot

Cobbler 部署

Cobbler 组件安装

#Centos7（其余的软件会作为依赖安装）
yum install -y dhcp tftp-server xinetd debmirror pykickstart cobbler cobbler-web

组件作用简介

Cobbler 目录文件简介

rpm -ql cobbler

Cobbler 目录文件结构

目录/文件路径 说明
/etc/cobbler 配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/settings cobbler主配置文件
/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template dhcp服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template tftp服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/rsync.template rsync服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/iso iso模板配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/pxe pxe模板文件目录
/etc/cobbler/power 电源的配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/users.conf web服务授权配置文件
/etc/cobbler/users.digest 用于web访问的用户名密码配置文件
/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template dns服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/modules.conf cobbler模块配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler cobbler数据目录
/var/lib/cobbler/config 配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts 默认存放kickstart文件
/var/lib/cobbler/loaders 存放的各种引导程序
/var/www/cobbler 系统安装镜像目录
/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror 导入的系统镜像列表
/var/www/cobbler/images 导入的系统镜像启动文件
/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror YUM源存储目录
/var/log/cobbler 日志目录
/var/log/cobbler/install.log 客户端系统安装日志
/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log cobbler日志

Cobbler 主配置文件修改

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#生成密文密码
openssl passwd -1

#设置root密码
sed -i 's|^default_password_crypted.*|default_password_crypted: "$1$Nrt/tXCR$BrRthh4tFphGyCunrGWzi/"|g' /etc/cobbler/settings

#设置指定tftp服务IP地址
sed -i 's|^next_server.*|next_server: 192.168.200.10|g' /etc/cobbler/settings

#设置cobbler服务地址
sed -i 's|^server.*|server: 192.168.200.10|g' /etc/cobbler/settings

#cobbler接管dhcp（0为关闭 1为开启）
sed -i 's|^manage_dhcp.*|manage_dhcp: 0|g' /etc/cobbler/settings

#cobbler接管tftp（0为关闭 1为开启）
sed -i 's|^manage_tftpd.*|manage_tftpd: 1|g' /etc/cobbler/settings
      
#cobbler启动服务
systemctl enable --now httpd.service
systemctl enable --now cobblerd.service

cobbler可以将自身作为dhcp服务器为安装系统的客户端分发IP地址、也可以使用已有的dhcp服务器，为了首次同步成功这里统一将cobbler接管dhcp的功能暂时关闭

Cobbler 首次检查

可能每人的报错问题不同此处列举我的报错问题

cobbler check
1 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
2 : Some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely.  Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements. #可以忽略（确保系统已经安装pxelinux）
3 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl
4 : comment out 'dists' on /etc/debmirror.conf for proper debian support
5 : comment out 'arches' on /etc/debmirror.conf for proper debian support
6 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them #可以忽略

解决 Cobbler 检查报错

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#报错1问题解决
cat << EOF | tee /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
service tftp
{
        socket_type             = dgram
        protocol                = udp
        wait                    = yes 
        user                    = root
        server                  = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
        server_args             = -s /var/lib/tftpboot
        disable                 = no
        per_source              = 11
        cps                     = 100 2
        flags                   = IPv4
}
EOF

#报错3问题解决
systemctl enable --now rsyncd.service

#报错4、5问题解决
sed -i 's|@dists=.*|# @dists=|' /etc/debmirror.conf 
sed -i 's|@arches=.*|# @arches=|' /etc/debmirror.conf

Cobbler 首次同步

#再次运行检查
cobbler check
1 : Some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely.  Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.
2 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them
#cobbler首次同步
cobbler sync

配置 DHCP 服务

Cobbler 接管 DHCP

#修改dhcp模板文件
vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template
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subnet 192.168.200.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
     option routers             192.168.200.2;
     option domain-name-servers 223.5.5.5;
     option subnet-mask         255.255.225.0;
     range dynamic-bootp        192.168.200.200 192.168.200.250;
     default-lease-time         7200;
     max-lease-time             7200;
     next-server                $next_server;   
     class "pxeclients" {
          match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "PXEClient";
          if option pxe-system-type = 00:02 {
                  filename "ia64/elilo.efi";
          } else if option pxe-system-type = 00:06 {
                  filename "grub/grub-x86.efi";
          } else if option pxe-system-type = 00:07 {
                  filename "grub/grub-x86_64.efi";
          } else if option pxe-system-type = 00:09 {
                  filename "grub/grub-x86_64.efi";
          } else {
                  filename "pxelinux.0";
          }
     }
    #option dhcp-server-identifier 192.168.200.2;  #生产内现有的DHCP服务器
}
#cobbler主配置文件开启dhcp接管
sed -i 's|^manage_dhcp.*|manage_dhcp: 1|g' /etc/cobbler/settings 

#重新同步
systemctl restart cobblerd.service
cobbler sync  

#启动dhcp服务
systemctl enable --now dhcpd.service 
systemctl restart dhcpd.service

使用现有 DHCP 服务器

#修改dhcp配置文件
vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
subnet 192.168.200.0 netmask 255.255.225.0 {
     option routers             192.168.200.2;
     option domain-name-servers 223.5.5.5;
     option subnet-mask         255.255.225.0;
     range dynamic-bootp        192.168.200.2 192.168.200.200;
     default-lease-time         600;
     next-server 192.168.200.10;  #指定cobbler服务器为tftp服务器
     filename "pxelinux.0";       #指定启动文件名称
     max-lease-time 7200;
}
#启动dhcp服务
systemctl enable --now dhcpd.service 
systemctl restart dhcpd.service

其他相关服务配置

配置 TFTP 服务

#确保tftp的站点目录存在引导文件（cobbler检查问题的过程中已经修了tftp的配置文件）
ll /var/lib/tftpboot/
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drwxr-xr-x  3 root root   4096 Mar  1 23:54 boot
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   4096 Oct 15  2019 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   4096 Mar  1 23:54 grub  #UEFI启动菜单目录
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root   4096 Mar  1 23:54 images
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   4096 Oct 15  2019 images2
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root  26140 Oct 31  2018 memdisk
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root  54964 Mar  1 23:54 menu.c32
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   4096 Oct 15  2019 ppc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root  16794 Mar  1 23:54 pxelinux.0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   4096 Mar  1 23:56 pxelinux.cfg #BIOS启动菜单目录
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   4096 Mar  1 23:54 s390x
-rw-r--r--  2 root root 198236 Feb  8 15:17 yaboot
#启动tftp服务
systemctl enable --now tftp.service  
systemctl enable --now xinetd.service
systemctl restart tftp.service 
systemctl restart xinetd.service

客户端测试访问

客户端测试访问

系统镜像挂载

Ubuntu镜像注意事项

不支持desktop、live版本（仅支持LTS server version版本）

推荐ubuntu-18.04-server-amd64

使用光驱加载Centos7的系统镜像

#为后续cobble导入镜像做准备
mount -t iso9660 -o loop,ro /dev/cdrom /mnt

Cobbler 使用

Cobbler 命令语法

#命令语法
cobbler --help
cobbler <distro|profile|system|repo|image|mgmtclass|package|file> ... 
        [add|edit|copy|getks*|list|remove|rename|report] [options|--help]
cobbler <aclsetup|buildiso|import|list|replicate|report|reposync|sync|validateks|version|signature|get-loaders|hardlink> [options|--help]

Cobbler 导入镜像

命令语法

cobbler import --help
Usage: cobbler import [options]
Options:
  --arch=ARCH           镜像架构
  --path=PATH           镜像导入路径
  --name=NAME           镜像名称
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#命令操作
cobbler import --name=CentOS7.9 --path=/mnt
cobbler import --name=Rocky8.4 --path=/mnt
cobbler import --name=Rocky8.5 --path=/mnt
cobbler import --name=Rocky8.6 --path=/mnt
cobbler import --name=Rocky8.7 --path=/mnt
cobbler import --name=Rocky8.8 --path=/mnt

#注意cobbler2.8.5导入rhel9系列的镜像文件是没有问题的，但是安装的时候会有报错（目前还未解决）

#列出对象
cobbler distro list
cobbler profile list

#列出对象详细信息
cobbler distro report --name=CentOS7.9-x86_64

导入镜像的过程

将光盘文件复制到/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror目录下
并且自动生成apache的一个子配置文件/etc/httpd/conf.d/cobbler.conf将镜像发布出去
http://IP/cobbler/

导入Cent0S6和CentOS7导入无异常
导入CentOS8的镜像会报错解决办法在文章下方cobbler导入镜像失败
导入Ubuntu 18.04之后的版本也是导入失败（非LTS版本可能支持的不友好）

CentOS 系统 KS 模板文件

#备份默认ks
mv /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks.bak

#适配RHEL系列
curl -L https://drive.swireb.cn/d/Linux/Cobbler/v2.8.5/ks/sample_end.ks > /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks

磁盘分区方案

Ubuntu 系统 KS 模板文件

#备份默认ks
mv /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.seed /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.seed.bak

#适配Ubuntu18.04其余版本
curl -L https://drive.swireb.cn/d/Linux/Cobbler/v2.8.5/ks/sample.seed > /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.seed

Ubuntu系统配置软件源模板文件

vim /var/lib/cobbler/snippets/late_apt_repo_config
cat >/etc/apt/sources.list<<EOF
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
EOF

允许 root 用户 SSH 登录

sed -i 's|.*PermitRootLogin.*|PermitRootLogin yes|g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config && service ssh start

安装Ubuntu系统之后执行的脚本模板文件

vim /var/lib/cobbler/scripts/preseed_late_default
$SNIPPET('post_run_deb')

Cobbler 配置启动菜单

客户端配置

客户端配置

服务端配置 BIOS 启动菜单

修改启动菜单配置文件

vim /etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.template
#LABEL local
#        MENU LABEL (local)
#        MENU DEFAULT
#        LOCALBOOT -1
#cobbler重新同步
cobbler sync

服务端配置 UEFI 启动菜单

#手动下载UEFI启动的相关文件
wget https://drive.swireb.cn/d/Linux/Cobbler/v2.8.5/grub.tar.gz

tar xf grub.tar.gz -C /var/lib/cobbler/loaders

#命令下载UEFI启动的相关文件（V2.8.5版本此命令已经失效）
cobbler get-loaders

修改启动菜单配置文件

vim /etc/cobbler/pxe/efidefault.template
timeout=6000  #修改启动菜单加时间（必须修改不然一闪则过）

cobbler 重新同步

cobbler sync

Cobbler 配置 Web 管理界面

访问地址（必须为https）

https://ip/cobbler_web

默认访问用户

创建用户

/etc/cobbler/users.conf       #web服务授权配置文件
/etc/cobbler/users.digest     #用于web访问的用户名密码配置文件

Cobbler Web界面

Cobbler 导入镜像失败

故障示意图

故障示意图

主要还是应为签名文件中不包括导入的系统镜像

#更新签名文件
cobbler signature report #列出
cobbler signature update #更新

#直接下载签名文件
curl -L https://cobbler.github.io/signatures/2.8.x/latest.json > /var/lib/cobbler/distro_signatures.json

CentOS-Stream 解决办法

#在rhel8的version_file键值对中添加centos-linux-release centos-stream-release
vim /var/lib/cobbler/distro_signatures.json
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"rhel8": {
    "signatures":["BaseOS"],
    "version_file":"(redhat|sl|slf|centos|centos-linux|centos-stream|oraclelinux|vzlinux)-release-(?!notes)([\\w]*-)*8(Server)*[\\.-]+(.*)\\.rpm",
    "version_file_regex":null,
    "kernel_arch":"kernel-(.*).rpm",
    "kernel_arch_regex":null,
    "supported_arches":["aarch64","i386","x86_64","ppc64le"],
    "supported_repo_breeds":["rsync", "rhn", "yum"],
    "kernel_file":"vmlinuz(.*)",
    "initrd_file":"initrd(.*)\\.img",
    "isolinux_ok":false,
    "default_kickstart":"/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks",
    "kernel_options":"",
    "kernel_options_post":"",
    "boot_files":[]
},
#重启服务
systemctl restart cobblerd.service

Ubuntu18、Ubuntu19 解决办法

Ubuntu 18.10

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"cosmic": {
    "signatures":["dists", ".disk"],
    "version_file":"Release|mini-info",
    "version_file_regex":"Codename: cosmic|Ubuntu 18.10",
    "kernel_arch":"linux-headers-(.*)\\.deb",
    "kernel_arch_regex":null,
    "supported_arches":["i386","amd64"],
    "supported_repo_breeds":["apt"],
    "kernel_file":"linux(.*)",
    "initrd_file":"initrd(.*)\\.gz",
    "isolinux_ok":false,
    "default_kickstart":"/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.seed",
    "kernel_options":"",
    "kernel_options_post":"",
    "boot_files":[]
},

Ubuntu 19.04

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"disco": {
    "signatures":["dists", ".disk"],
    "version_file":"Release|mini-info",
    "version_file_regex":"Codename: disco|Ubuntu 19.04",
    "kernel_arch":"linux-headers-(.*)\\.deb",
    "kernel_arch_regex":null,
    "supported_arches":["i386","amd64"],
    "supported_repo_breeds":["apt"],
    "kernel_file":"linux(.*)",
    "initrd_file":"initrd(.*)\\.gz",
    "isolinux_ok":false,
    "default_kickstart":"/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.seed",
    "kernel_options":"",
    "kernel_options_post":"",
    "boot_files":[]
}，

Ubuntu 19.10

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"eoan": {
    "signatures":["dists", ".disk"],
    "version_file":"Release|mini-info",
    "version_file_regex":"Codename: eoan|Ubuntu 19.10",
    "kernel_arch":"linux-headers-(.*)\\.deb",
    "kernel_arch_regex":null,
    "supported_arches":["i386","amd64"],
    "supported_repo_breeds":["apt"],
    "kernel_file":"linux(.*)",
    "initrd_file":"initrd(.*)\\.gz",
    "isolinux_ok":false,
    "default_kickstart":"/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample.seed",
    "kernel_options":"",
    "kernel_options_post":"",
    "boot_files":[]
},
重启服务
systemctl restart cobblerd.service

关于本文

由 Matt Lee 撰写, 采用 CC BY-NC 4.0 许可协议.

#cobbler#centos#linux